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Table 1 Co-morbidities that cause cognitive impairment and hallucinations

From: Morphine-induced hallucinations - resolution with switching to oxycodone: a case report and review of the literature

Metabolic

Hypoxia, hypercalcaemia, hyponatraemia, renal failure, liver failure, dehydration

Drug-induced

Opioids, benzodiazepines, tricyclics, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, drug withdrawal

Recreational drugs

Including alcohol and alcohol withdrawal

Infection

Particularly Urinary Tract Infection in the elderly

CNS

Cerebral metastases, Leptomeningeal metastases, cerebrovascular incident, head injury

Terminal phase

Pre-terminal agitation is a recognised phenomenon

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Cases Journal

ISSN: 1757-1626