The prognosis of root fractures depends on the extent of the fracture line, the pulp tissue situation, occlusion, dislocation of fragments and the general health of the patient [1]. According to Andreasen and Hjørting-Hansen [4], there are 4 healing patterns, and preinjury and injury factors can affect the prognosis and tissue response to dental trauma [5].
1. Healing with tissue, giving union across the fracture.
2. Healing with interposition of hard and soft tissue between the fragments.
3. Healing with interposition of only soft tissue.
4. No healing.
The International Association of Dental Traumatology has recently developed a consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of dental traumas [6]. According to these guidelines, a correct care plan should be performed through clinical and radiographic examinations, followed by sensibility tests and patient care instructions.
If the fracture line is in communication with the oral cavity, the immobilization is difficult and microbial contamination of the pulp with subsequent pulpal necrosis is almost inevitable [3]. Dental pulp necrosis may be reported from 20 to 44% of the root fracture cases whereas in luxated teeth without fracture, necrosis occurs in at least 43.5% of cases [5, 7]-[9].
Successful management of root fractures often involves a multidisciplinary combination of endodontic, orthodontic, periodontic and prosthetic therapy [1, 3].
Treatment options with root fractures typically include reduction of the fracture and stabilization by rigid fixation for a variable time [5]. According to Andreasen, splinting may be applied within a week [3].
Nowadays, splinting for 1-3 months is recommended, but no study on the effects of the splinting period on prognosis has been carried out yet [5, 6, 10]. In our case, both maxillary central incisors had severe mobility and dislocation, therefore a prolonged duration of the fixed appliance was considered safer and viable for healing.
Many investigators have suggested that the reversal of vitality of root-fractured teeth vary between a few months and 2 years [3, 11]-[13]. In case of horizontal root fractures successful results have been reported, with success rates ranging from 54% to 77% of cases [5].
In a recent study Andreasen investigated the healing of 400 root fractures, and the results showed that the type of splints appeared to have no association with the healing outcome [14] and has also stated that the location of the root fracture does not affect pulp survival [1, 3, 5, 14].
Root canal therapy is indicated when vitality control reveals non-vital pulp tissue, or if the patient complains of pain or discomfort of the tooth. [7, 11, 13]. Repair appears to depend on an intact periodontal ligament, from which the hard tissue forming cells originate [4]. However, healing of root fractures without treatment is also presented in many reports [12, 13, 15]. In traumatic injuries, follow-up is of critical importance [16]. As illustrated in our cases, after 4 years fragments steadily healed and pulp is still vital without complications by using orthodontic wire. In this way we can prevent further occlusal trauma that could negatively influence the survival of the teeth [2].
We can conclude that the primary purpose of the treatment of fractured elements is to keep a steady tooth and, when it's possible, its vitality. It is important to remember that the maintenance of a natural tooth during growth could be an excellent intermediate solution before implant rehabilitation [1, 17].